Glossary of terms

Vectors are delivery vehicles or carriers that are used to encapsulate therapeutic genes for delivery to cells or tissues. Scientists use several different types of vector, such as viral and non-viral vectors. The type of vector is decided based on factors including transgene size, target cell type, and research environment. For example, for in vitro or ex vivo delivery of a large transgene, the researcher might select a lentiviral or a transposon vector, whereas, for in vivo delivery of a small transgene in muscle tissue, an AAV vector might be an optimal choice.

Viral tropism is one of the most important characteristics of viruses when it comes to their use as vectors. It provides the capability to specifically target a particular type of cells, tissues or host species.

A viral vector is a modified virus used as a vehicle to carry new or corrected genes into cells. Scientists remove the virus's harmful parts and replace them with the therapeutic genes. These modified viruses act as delivery vehicles, entering the cells and inserting the desired genes. The aim is to enavle the cells produce proteins correctly or fix genetic defects without causing disease.

Virus-like particles are nanoparticles produced from the self-assembly of viral proteins, forming a capsid (the 'shell' of the virus). The structure resembles the size and symmetry of original viruses, but are lacking the genetic material. Therefore, they cannot replicate in the host. This offers an advantage over original viruses, regarding biosafety and stability.